Paper Contents
Abstract
The development of 3D and contactless biometric authentication represents a transformative shift in identity verification systems. Unlike traditional contact-based methods such as fingerprint or palm scanning, contactless biometrics acquire information without physical interaction, enhancing hygiene, convenience, and accessibility. Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in analyzing high-dimensional 3D data, improving recognition accuracy, and enabling robust anti-spoofing mechanisms. The increasing demand for secure yet user-friendly authentication has driven research into AI-based algorithms capable of processing 3D facial geometries, touchless fingerprints, and hand vein structures with exceptional precision. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated adoption by highlighting the importance of non-contact verification. This paper reviews the evolution of contactless biometrics, the AI-driven techniques used for data capture and feature extraction, and the implications across various industries. It also addresses ethical challenges such as bias, privacy, and data governance, and highlights potential research directions including multimodal fusion and privacy-preserving AI. Overall, 3D and contactless biometric authentication promise to balance convenience, safety, and trustworthiness in the digital age.
Copyright
Copyright © 2025 Amitanshu Kumar, Ritesh Kumar . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
