Paper Contents
Abstract
This study investigates the environmental and economic impacts of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Electric Vehicles (EVs), with a specific focus on India's efforts to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 and improve air quality. By comparing critical factors such as emission costs, fuelling time, maintenance expenses, and overall vehicle selection, the research provides a comprehensive analysis of each vehicle type's feasibility in the transition toward sustainable transportation. The findings reveal that EVs offer the most significant reduction in CO and CO emissions approximately 20% lower compared to ICE vehicles. However, EVs exhibit a notable increase in NOx and NO emissions, over 70% higher, highlighting the reliance on fossil fuel-based electricity generation. Additionally, air quality-related emissions, including SOx is up to 90% higher in EVs, underscoring the urgent need for more effective emission control technologies and a shift to renewable energy sources. Despite their higher upfront costs and emission-related expenses, EVs show the lowest maintenance costs, at just 0.35 per km. HEVs, with their more balanced profile of lower purchase prices, emissions, and maintenance costs, emerge as a promising option for the Indian market.
Copyright
Copyright © 2025 Mr. G.A. RABADIYA. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
