Paper Contents
Abstract
AbstractPlant-derived extracellular vesiclesoften termed exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs)have emerged as a promising, biocompatible platform for therapeutic delivery. Their natural abundance, oral stability, and low immunogenicity, together with the ability to load small molecules and nucleic acids, position PDENs as a complementary alternative to mammalian exosomes and synthetic lipid nanoparticles. In this narrative review with a structured search methodology, we synthesize recent advances in PDEN biogenesis, isolation, composition, loading strategies, administration routes, targeting, safety, and regulatory progress. We highlight seminal proof-of-concept studies (e.g., grapefruit-derived nanovectors; ginger- and tea-derived vesicles) and discuss translational headwinds: heterogeneity, marker standardization (e.g., TET8), scalable GMP workflows, and pharmacology under different delivery routes. Finally, we outline a practical experimental pipelinefrom source selection and isolation, through quality control and loading, to in vitroin vivo evaluationthat laboratories can adapt. PDENs now occupy a credible niche for oral and mucosal delivery, as well as topical applications, and are edging toward clinical validation (e.g., curcumin-loaded plant exosomes investigated for colon tissue targeting), although rigorous, standardized characterization per updated MISEV guidance remains essential.
Copyright
Copyright © 2025 Dr. Annu Tiwari. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
