Paper Contents
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines the design and implementation of LoRa-based Internet of Things (IoT) systems for automated soil moisture monitoring and irrigation, framed through the specific challenges of strawberry cultivation in water-stressed agricultural regions like Punjab, India. The paper synthesizes recent advances in low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies, with a focus on LoRaLoRaWAN protocols as they apply to precision agriculture. While existing implementations have demonstrated the feasibility of remote soil monitoring using LoRas long-range capabilities, several research gaps persist when considering a practical, end-to-end deployment. Current systems often struggle with energy efficiency for long-term deployments, lack standardized approaches to sensor calibration across diverse soil types, and show limited integration with predictive analytics for irrigation optimization. This review categorizes architectural approaches, evaluates power consumption strategies, analyzes data management techniques, and identifies opportunities for improving system scalability and cost-effectiveness for small to medium-scale farmers. By identifying these research gaps through the lens of a specific, high-value application, this paper provides a roadmap for future investigations aimed at developing more robust, energy-efficient, and intelligent LoRa-based soil monitoring and irrigation systems.
Copyright
Copyright © 2025 Shabnam Pawar, Vivek Gupta. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
