Paper Contents
Abstract
Climate change, driven predominantly by anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, stands as one of the most urgent and complex global challenges of the 21st century. This review synthesizes the historical evolution of climate science, empirical evidence, and observed trends, highlighting the profound impacts of climate change on natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and human societies. It examines the types and sources of GHG emissions, distinguishes between natural and human-induced drivers, and evaluates international governance frameworks, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. The study further analyzes adaptation and mitigation strategies, emphasizing integrated approaches that combine technological innovation, renewable energy transitions, ecosystem-based management, and policy interventions across multiple scales. Case studies, including Cyclone Amphan (2020), Australian bushfires (20192020), and recurrent Sri Lankan floods (20172022), illustrate the intricate interactions between climate hazards, socio-economic vulnerabilities, and resilience-building measures. The article underscores the necessity of evidence-based, equitable, and collaborative strategies, highlighting the pivotal roles of international cooperation, capacity-building, and social inclusion in fostering climate-resilient development.
Copyright
Copyright © 2025 kosala kulathunga. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
