Paper Contents
Abstract
This paper examines the conceptual, procedural, and social differences between earned doctorates (PhD and equivalent research doctorates) and honorary doctorates (honoris causa). It traces their history and purposes, contrasts formal requirements and academic standing, and surveys documented cases in which honorary doctorates have been misused or have generated controversy including commercialization, political patronage, celebrity publicity, and fraudulent certificate schemes. The paper concludes with ethical and policy recommendations for universities and regulators to preserve academic integrity while maintaining the symbolic value of honorary awards.
Copyright
Copyright © 2025 PROF. DR. IRSHAD AHMED. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
