Paper Contents
Abstract
Pyrroles represent a fundamental class of five-membered heterocycles that play a vital role in organic and medicinal chemistry due to their presence in numerous natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials. Their unique electronic and structural features make them versatile scaffolds for drug discovery, exhibiting a wide range of biological activities including anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major synthetic strategies developed for the construction of pyrrole derivatives, covering both classical and modern methodologies. Traditional approaches such as the PaalKnorr synthesis, Knorr condensation, and Hantzsch routes are discussed alongside contemporary techniques that employ transition-metal catalysis, multicomponent reactions, and green chemistry protocols. The review spans literature from the past two decades, emphasizing the evolution of synthetic efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability in pyrrole synthesis. Emerging trends include the application of photoredox catalysis, electrochemical synthesis, and biocatalytic transformations, which have opened new pathways for pyrrole functionalization under mild and environmentally friendly conditions. Finally, the review highlights current challenges and outlines future perspectives, focusing on the integration of computational design, flow chemistry, and renewable feed stocks to further advance the synthesis and application of pyrrole-based compounds.
Copyright
Copyright © 2025 Miss. Pawar Snehal Appasaheb , Dr. Megha T. Salve. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
